Caps Clinician Administered Ptsd Scale Pdf Drawings

Introduction Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death in the developed world (). According to recent estimates, ~6 million people die annually due to cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (). Patients usually perceive an acute MI as a sudden and life-threatening event, involving high intensity of fear of dying, helplessness and loss of control. Two reviews showed that ~15% of patients develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after an acute MI (; ). It should be noted that this previous research applied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria for the assessment of PTSD (), whereas PTSD diagnostic criteria were recently revised in the DSM-5 (). According to the DSM-5 the diagnosis of PTSD requires several criteria: Criterion A stipulates exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, leading to Criterion B, re-experience of the event in form of e.g., nightmares and flashbacks; Criterion C, avoidance of event-related stimuli; Criterion D, persistence of negative feelings and thoughts, e.g., about oneself or the world that began or worsened after the event; and Criterion E, trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma, such as hyperarousal, risky behavior, or aggression. Symptom criteria have to be present for at least 1 month (Criterion F) and must significantly interfere with the patients\' daily functioning (Criterion G).

Symptoms of PTSD after MI increase the risk of hospital readmission, recurrent MI and all-cause mortality () and are also associated with poor quality of life and general health, adverse health behaviors and medical comorbidities (). In addition, PTSD is associated with poor adherence with cardiac rehabilitation cardiac medication (; ). Younger age, as well as helplessness, pain and fear of dying during MI (), lower educational level () and depressive symptoms () were shown to be predictive for PTSD symptoms in the first year after acute MI. Following the self-regulatory model (), illness recovery also depends on how patients view their illness and on their ability to cope with the new situation. Individuals are considered to master a threat to their health, such as acute MI, by developing their own appraisal, and determining subsequent coping procedures, which then modify illness outcome. The self-regulatory model integrates a constant feedback loop, where consequences of appraisal processes are fed back into the structure of illness perception and coping reactions. Illness perception has been described to consist of five cognitive components (causes of the illness, identity, consequences of the illness, time line and ways to control or cure the illness).

Introduction Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death in the developed world (). According to recent estimates, ~6 million people die annually due to cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (). Patients usually perceive an acute MI as a sudden and life-threatening event, involving high intensity of fear of dying, helplessness and loss of control. Two reviews showed that ~15% of patients develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after an acute MI (; ). It should be noted that this previous research applied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria for the assessment of PTSD (), whereas PTSD diagnostic criteria were recently revised in the DSM-5 (). According to the DSM-5 the diagnosis of PTSD requires several criteria: Criterion A stipulates exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, leading to Criterion B, re-experience of the event in form of e.g., nightmares and flashbacks; Criterion C, avoidance of event-related stimuli; Criterion D, persistence of negative feelings and thoughts, e.g., about oneself or the world that began or worsened after the event; and Criterion E, trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma, such as hyperarousal, risky behavior, or aggression. Symptom criteria have to be present for at least 1 month (Criterion F) and must significantly interfere with the patients\' daily functioning (Criterion G).

Symptoms of PTSD after MI increase the risk of hospital readmission, recurrent MI and all-cause mortality () and are also associated with poor quality of life and general health, adverse health behaviors and medical comorbidities (). In addition, PTSD is associated with poor adherence with cardiac rehabilitation cardiac medication (; ). Younger age, as well as helplessness, pain and fear of dying during MI (), lower educational level () and depressive symptoms () were shown to be predictive for PTSD symptoms in the first year after acute MI. Following the self-regulatory model (), illness recovery also depends on how patients view their illness and on their ability to cope with the new situation. Individuals are considered to master a threat to their health, such as acute MI, by developing their own appraisal, and determining subsequent coping procedures, which then modify illness outcome. The self-regulatory model integrates a constant feedback loop, where consequences of appraisal processes are fed back into the structure of illness perception and coping reactions. Illness perception has been described to consist of five cognitive components (causes of the illness, identity, consequences of the illness, time line and ways to control or cure the illness).